Weird! Our Universe May Be a 'Multiverse,' Scientists Say by Clara Moskowitz, SPACE.com Senior Writer Date: 12 August 2011 Time: 06:00 AM ET

If multiple universes exist, they may collide with each other and leave behind signs in the cosmic microwave background radiation, researchers say. CREDIT: Stephen Feeney/UCL View full size image

Is our universe just one of many? While the concept is bizarre, it's a real possibility, according to scientists who have devised the first test to investigate the idea.

The potential that we live in a multiverse arises from a theory called eternal inflation, which posits that shortly after the Big Bang that formed the universe, space-time expanded at different rates in different places, giving rise to bubble universes that may function with their own separate laws of physics.

The idea has seemed purely hypothetical, until now. In a new study, researchers suggest that if our universe has siblings, we may have bumped into them. Such collisions would have left lasting marks in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, the diffuse light left over from the Big Bang that pervades the universe, the researchers say.

"It brings the idea of eternal inflation and bubble collisions into the realm of testable science," said research team member Daniel Mortlock, an astrophysicist at Imperial College London. "If it's not testable, it's hard to even call it science." [Video: How to Remake the Big Bang]

Universes going bump in the night

Mortlock and the team, led by graduate student Stephen Feeney of University College London, searched the best available observations of the cosmic microwave background for signs of bubble universe collisions, but didn't find anything conclusive. If two universes had collided, the researchers say, it would have left a circular pattern behind in the cosmic microwave background.

"If you imagine two ordinary soap bubbles colliding, then the surface where they intersect is going to be a circle, so that's the key signature we're looking for in the CMB," Mortlock told SPACE.com. "It's not any old perturbation, it's circular and it's got a particular type of profile. There's no obvious sort of other thing that could cause this."

The researchers developed a computer algorithm to analyze CMB observations for patterns that would fit. In data from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), the program found four regions in the universe that were flagged as promising. However, statistical analyses suggested these patterns were likely to be random, resembling the circular shapes of collisions simply by coincidence.

Data from the European Space Agency's Planck satellite, which launched in 2009, are expected to be far more detailed than those from WMAP. The Planck measurements are set to be released in 2013, and the researchers plan to look again, surveying in particular the four areas of interest from this study.

"I think the Feeney et al. paper is a great first step in trying to seriously look for signals of cosmological bubble collisions," said astrophysicist Thomas Levi of the University of British Columbia in Canada, who was not involved in the study. "While I believe the potential exists to detect the presence of other universes, the present data from WMAP is not likely to be precise enough to make a definitive statement. We will have to wait for data from future CMB experiments, such as the Planck satellite. The next few years could be quite exciting."

The universe that's 'just right'

The idea of other universes out there is mind-bending, but scientists say in some ways it actually makes sense.

"It helps explain some of the strange coincidences about our own universe," Mortlock said. "Why is our universe so amenable to life?"

Many of the fundamental constants in our universe, such as the strength of gravity and the speed of light, seem perfectly calibrated to produce a universe in which galaxies, stars, planets and even life can form. If any of these constants had been tweaked at all, the universe would likely be empty, with no stars and no life.

But if our universe is one of many, then the fact that it's so perfectly tuned for life isn't such an unlikely coincidence. [7 Theories on the Origin of Life]

"One possibility is there are multiple different universes with different laws, and some are not right for life and so life doesn't evolve, and some are right for life and so creatures evolve and make measurements and ask deep, twisty questions like this," Mortlock said. "For that reason [the theory] is very appealing."

However, the possibility of multiple universes also comes with some unsettling implications. For example, some calculations suggest that a reality with infinite space and infinite universes would necessarily have to repeat itself sometimes, leading to the conclusion that copies of Earth and everyone on it exist somewhere else out there.

"Once you open up this can of worms, there's all sorts of very adventurous thinking on this sort of thing," Mortlock said. "If there's infinitely many universes, then surely there are other copies of you and me having this conversation. It's hard to think about, but it's hard to get around."

The scientists detailed their study in two research papers published recently in the journals Physical Review Letters and Physical Review D.

UK scientists secretly grew human-animal hybrids in laboratory experiments

UK scientists secretly grew human-animal hybrids in laboratory experiments

One hundred and fifty animal-human hybrid embryos have been produced by mad scientists in the UK -- with full government approval -- under the 2008 Human Fertilisation Embryology Act. The UK's Daily Mail newspaper is reporting that a committee of scientists recently blew the whistle on the operation and expressed alarm over the possibility of the experiments going "too far" and resulting in a real Planet of the Apes scenario, where animals escape from the lab and begin reproducing in the wild.
Sound like science fiction? It's actually just..

Read more »

Report: China Building Electromagnetic Pulse Weapons

Report: China Building Electromagnetic Pulse Weapons

'China's military is developing electromagnetic pulse weapons that Beijing plans to use against U.S. aircraft carriers in any future conflict over Taiwan, according to an intelligence report made public.
Portions of a National Ground Intelligence Centerstudy on the lethal effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and high-powered microwave (HPM) weapons revealed that the arms are part of China’s so-called “assassin’s mace” arsenal - weapons that allow a technologically inferior China to defeat U.S. military forces.
EMP weapons mimic the gamma-ray pulse caused by a nuclear blast that knocks out all electronics, including computers and automobiles, over wide areas. The phenomenon was discovered in 1962 after an aboveground nuclear test in the Pacific disabled electronics in Hawaii.'
Read more: Report: China Building Electromagnetic Pulse Weapons

A New Wrinkle: Comet Strikes in the 1980s and 1990s Left Ripples in Jupiter's and Saturn's Rings

Corrugations in the giant planets' rings seem to trace back to recent comet impacts, both seen and unseen, in decades past

By John Matson  | March 31, 2011 | 4

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ring-ripples

WOUND-UP WAVES: A diagram shows how an initially tilted planetary ring develops into a spiral pattern of ripples. Image: Courtesy Science/AAAS

Something is disturbing the famed, majestic rings of Saturn as well as the lesser-known rings around Jupiter. The ring systems, which appear at first glance to be planar, wafer-thin bands of ice and dust, have on closer examination been found to be rippled, like a corrugated tin roof.

The culprit in both cases appears to be cometary debris strikes that tilted the rings, a tilt that over the years became twisted up into a spiral pattern of ripples within the rings. That is the conclusion of two studies published online March 31 in Science—one study on Saturn, one about Jupiter—which go on to pinpoint specific dates that debris plowed into the rings to generate ripples: late 1983 for Saturn; mid-1994 for Jupiter.

It is a forensic story that spans decades, as well as billions of kilometers of interplanetary space, and for which four spacecraft were called into service. NASA's Galileo spacecraft, orbiting Jupiter at the time, first noticed what turned out to be corrugations in the planet's main ring in 1996, but the nature of the ring features was somewhat unclear at the time. "Pretty much it was just one of those things where you stare at it and say, 'Huh, I hope we get more data,'" says Mark Showalter, a planetary astronomer at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, Calif., and the lead author of the study on Jupiter's rings.

It was not until 13 years later, when NASA's Cassini spacecraft noticed something similar as it orbited Saturn, that the pieces of the puzzle began to fit together. Cassini was exploring the Saturnian system during the planet's 2009 equinox, when the ring plane aligns with the center of the sun. With the sun at such a low angle, vertical corrugations within the rings cast long shadows that Cassini was able to identify. Some were just two meters high, about as tall as Los Angeles Lakers guard Kobe Bryant . They looked like a system of nearly concentric ripples, as would be formed if the rings had somehow been knocked out of alignment and then twisted into a tight, corrugated spiral by Saturn's gravity.

"This corrugation seemed to have formed at some discrete time in the past—1983," says Matt Hedman, a planetary scientist at Cornell University who led the Saturn study. "Something caused the rings to tilt, and we were seeing that tilted pattern wound up." But just what happened in 1983 remained unknown; one early hypothesis held that Saturn itself lurched somehow, throwing the planet and rings out of alignment.

The discovery of rippled rings at Saturn led to a reevaluation of the Jovian data, including a look at some later Galileo imagery from 2000 and images taken by the New Horizons probe in 2007 as it swung past Jupiter en route to Pluto. Showalter also dug up archival Hubble data of Jupiter, but its viewing angles did not allow for a good look at the ring structure. "One of the eureka moments was when we realized that if it was the same thing we were seeing at Saturn, it wouldn't look the same" as it did in 1996, Showalter says. "If that's the same physics that we see at Saturn, then we've been looking for the wrong pattern." As the tilt becomes more and more twisted into the ring, the spiral pattern gets tighter and the spacing between ripples shrinks; the corrugations that were almost 2,000 kilometers apart in 1996 were only 700 kilometers apart by 2000. In 2007, when New Horizons flew by, the spacing between corrugations was a mere 350 kilometers.

Tracing the evolution of the ripples backward in time, Showalter and his colleagues found that the ring had been tilted by about two kilometers at some time between July and October 1994. That was a huge clue pointing to a potential culprit in the interplanetary mystery—Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in July 1994, bombarding the planet in a large, well-documented impact. Debris from the comet, which had broken up before it hit Jupiter in a number of fragments over the course of several days, seems have knocked Jupiter's rings out of whack. "That was basically our smoking gun," Showalter says.

That finding, in turn, shed light on what may have happened at Saturn. "Then we went, 'Oh, maybe this is the same sort of thing,'" Hedman says. "To tilt a broad region of the ring you need something kind of like an intense meteor shower," he says. A single, intact asteroid or comet would punch right through the ring, but a good-size comet, if broken apart as Shoemaker-Levy 9 was, could rain down on the rings with enough force to generate a sufficient tilt. (Saturn was sunward from Earth around the time of the presumed 1983 impact, so astronomers on Earth would not have been able to see it.)

The similarity between the ripple phenomena at the two planets—and the temporal connection between Shoemaker-Levy 9 and Jupiter's ripples—lends the research credibility with other ring scientists. "The fact that the biggest thing that we saw with our eyes agrees with the biggest influence in the rings of Jupiter is pretty compelling," says Jeff Cuzzi, a planetary scientist and Cassini team member at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif., who did not contribute to the new studies.

"I think it's a very compelling argument, especially with the two papers together," says Linda Spilker, a planetary scientist and Cassini project scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., who also did not contribute to the new studies. "I know we've been puzzling away on the Saturn side and looking at various explanations—linking to an event in the Jovian system really helps."

Spilker notes that Cassini has another several years of planned operation at Saturn; the spacecraft could document such a ring disruption if such debris strikes occur often enough. "Maybe if we can get lucky, we can be there and actually witness an event like this," she says.

For the time being, the puzzle seems to work as assembled. "We're taking pieces that nobody would have thought fit together," Showalter says. "And we're finding one fairly simple story—it's comets hitting the rings and tilting them, and the tilts turn into spirals. It's a fun thing to piece together."

Comet ELENIN, Earthquakes, And YOU.

 

iReport —

http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-640370

Nov 9, 2011 the earth will supposedly cross the threshold of the debris tail of ELENIN on the same plain (assuming ELENIN is a real object that would be catastrophic).

This is a cool interactive NASA chart displaying the comets trajectory through the solar system:

http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=c%2F2010+X1&orb=1

ELENIN, according to some researchers stands for Extinction Level Event Notable Impact November — also encoded into the name is Elevin Nine (Nov. 9), and LEONID (a meteor shower that peaks in November).

So is NASA worried? Not on the surface. They did release  this internal video for their employees concerning emergency  preparedness, though:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=zyKopmPV0PQ#at=69

This also ties in with the massive gearing up of underground bases  recently built, specifically under the new Denver International Airport.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gxlZCdyed4&feature=related

This incoming object appears to be massive. The strange thing is that only a select few sources worldwide have seen the object a few of which we traced back to DARPA directly.

Big seems to be the appropriate word for we now have the first actual  astronomical calculations that puts the coma (the part they can see is 50,000 miles in diameter) Yes a big rock!

“On April 8th at our Russian observatory we carried out planned observations of Comet C/2010 X1 (Elenin). An   analysis of the results of the observations shows a rapid growth of the   coma. Besides the internal compact gas envelope, the forming rarified   external coma is also visible in the image.

Its diameter exceeds 1 minute of arc, or 80,000 km! It is possible that such a rapid growth of the coma is associated with   the apparent superposition over it of the comet’s dust tail, which  after  opposition, still remains invisible to the earthly observer.”

The coma is what astronomers actually see and is actually much bigger   than the core. It’s the green in the second above picture that they are saying   is 80,000 km or 50,000 miles across. We could estimate that the core  might be half the diameter of the  coma or approximately 25,000 miles.  Big enough—it seems to be already  stirring up the Earth under our feet.

We have news out of Cornell University that sustains the view that Elenin is playing a direct part in causing large earthquakes.

Professor Mensur Omerbashich is saying that his “georesonator concept in which tidally induced magnification of Earth masses’ resonance causes seismicity.”   This trashes NASA’s assertion that the humongous earthquake we saw in   Japan and before that with the ones in Chile and New Zealand were   coincidental with alignments between Elenin, the Earth and the Sun.

The earth’s seismicity can arise as a natural response
of our planet to its alignments with other celestial objects.
Professor Mensur Omerbashich

Omerbashich demonstrates empirically that “all strong (~M6+)   earthquakes of 2010 occurred during the Earth’s long astronomical   alignments within our solar system. He shows that the same holds true   for all very strong (~M8+) earthquakes of the decade of 2000s.

He  asserts that the “comet C/2010 X1 (Elenin) has been adding to robustness in terms of very strong seismicity since 2007. Elenin will continue intensifying the Earth’s very strong seismicity until August-October, 2011.”

It seems like every time Elenin lines up with Earth and another planet or the Sun we have an earthquake, the nearer Elenin gets the bigger the earthquakes.

Now of course we have many earthquakes and if we showed them all,  this  chart would then lose much of its meaning. The 9.1 earthquake in  Japan  though will never lose its meaning and it happened on cue with an   alignment with Elenin.

Past Elenin Alignments and Earthquakes:

Past Alignments	Date	Location	Magnitude
Elenin – Earth – Sun	Feb 20 2008	Indonesia	7.4
Elenin – Earth – Sun	Feb 25 2008	Indonesia	7.2
Elenin – Earth – Neptune	May 12 2008	China	7.9
Elenin – Earth – Sun	Feb 18 2009	Kermadec Islands	7.0
Elenin – Earth -Jupiter	May 18 2009	Los Angeles, US	4.7
Elenin – Mercury- Earth	July 15 2009	New Zealand	7.8
Elenin – Mercury – Earth	Aug 09 2009	Japan	7.1
Elenin – Sun – Earth	Sept 09 2009	Sunola islands	8.1
Elenin – Earth – Venus	Feb 18 2010	China/RU/N.Korea	6.9
Elenin – Earth-Sun	Feb 25 2010	China	5.2
Elenin – Earth-Sun	Feb 26 2010	Japan	7.0
Elenin – Earth- Sun	Feb 27 2010	Chile	8.8 [Earth knocked off axis]
Elenin – Earth- Sun	Feb 27 2010	Argentina	6.3
Elenin – Earth – Mercury	Mar 04 2010	Taiwan	6.3
Elenin – Earth – Mercury	Mar 04 2010	Vanuatu	6.5
Elenin – Earth – Mercury	Mar 05 2010	Chile	6.6
Elenin – Earth – Mercury	Mar 05 2010	Indonesia	6.3
Elenin – Earth – Mercury	Mar 08 2010	Turkey	6.1
Elenin – Earth – Neptune	May 05 2010	Indonesia	6.6
Elenin – Earth – Neptune	May 06 2010	Chile	6.2
Elenin – Earth – Neptune	May 09 2010	Indonesia	7.2
Elenin – Earth – Neptune	May 14 2010	Algeria	5.2
Elenin – Earth – Jupiter	Jan 03 2011	Chile	7.0
Elenin – Earth – Sun	March 11 2011	Japan	9.0    [Earth knocked off axis]

Future Elenin Alignments:

Future Alignments	Date	Note
Elenin – Mercury – Mars – Earth	Sept 06 2011
Mercury – Sun – Elenin	Sept 25 2011
Sun – Elenin – Jupiter	Oct 11 2011	Elenin 0.246au  from Earth; that’s a quarter of the distance to the sun.
	Oct 17 2011	Elenin closet  to earth 0.232au
	Oct 20 2011	Elenin will  enter Earth orbit and we will experience a gravitational pull.
	Nov 02 2011	Earth enter  Elenins tail/ previous path
Venus – Earth- Elenin – Mercury	Nov 11 2011
Sun – Mercury – Earth – Elenin	Dec 04 2011
Mars – Elenin – Jupiter	Dec 25 2011
Final  Alignment: Elenin – Earth  – Sun	Dec 21 2012

The next alignment occurs on September 6th. Watch the news on this date for a large earthquake. Use this as a  barometer. If a massive quake occurs, then you know this info has  substance.

Many sceptics are out there. You have to look at all the info before making a snap decision.

Below you will see two articles, one from the Washington Post and   another from The New York Times from 28 years ago, but read them like   they were printed yesterday.  Astronomy deals practically with eternity   so what is 28 years? NASA came right out and admitted they found a   massive very cold body outside the solar system.

Now they are not saying  a thing about this or whether this massive comet  has anything to do with  their discovery almost three  decades ago. What could possibly be their  motive for keeping a tight lid  on this terribly important subject?

Mass panic concerns, obviously.

Washington Post
Mystery Heavenly Body Discovered
31-Dec-1983
A heavenly body possibly as large as the giant planet Jupiter and   possibly so close to Earth that it would be part of this solar system   has been found in the direction of the constellation Orion by an   orbiting telescope aboard the U.S. infrared astronomical satellite. So   mysterious is the object that astronomers do not know if it is a planet,   a giant comet, a nearby “protostar” that never got hot enough to  become  a star, a distant galaxy so young that it is still in the  process of  forming its first stars, or a galaxy so shrouded in dust  that none of  the light cast by its stars ever gets through. “All I can  tell you is  that we don’t know what it is,” Dr. Gerry Neugebauer, IRAS  chief  scientist for California’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and director  of the  Palomar Observatory for the California Institute of Technology,  said in  an interview.
The most fascinating explanation of this mystery body, which is so cold it casts no light and has never been seen by optical telescopes on Earth or in space,   is that it is a giant gaseous planet, as large as Jupiter and as close   to Earth as 50 billion miles. While that may seem like a great  distance  in earthbound terms, it is a stone’s throw in cosmological  terms, so  close in fact that it would be the nearest heavenly body to  Earth beyond  the outermost planet Pluto. “If it is really that close,  it would be a  part of our solar system,” said Dr. James Houck of  Cornell University’s  Center for Radio Physics and Space Research and a  member of the IRAS  science team. “If it is that close, I don’t know how  the world’s  planetary scientists would even begin to classify it.”
The mystery body was seen twice by the infrared satellite as it   scanned the northern sky from last January to November, when the   satellite ran out of the super-cold helium that allowed its telescope to   see the coldest bodies in the heavens. The second observation took   place six months after the first and suggested the mystery body had not   moved from its spot in the sky near the western edge of the   constellation Orion in that time. “This suggests it’s not a comet because a comet would not be as large as the one we’ve observed and   a comet would probably have moved,” Houck said. “A planet may have   moved if it were as close as 50 billion miles but it could still be a   more distant planet and not have moved in six months’ time.
Whatever it is, Houck said, the mystery  body is so cold  its temperature is no more than 40 degrees above  “absolute” zero, which  is 459 degrees Fahrenheit below zero.  The telescope aboard  IRAS is cooled so low and is so sensitive it can  “see” objects in the  heavens that are only 20 degrees above absolute  zero. When IRAS  scientists first saw the mystery body and calculated  that it could be  as close as 50 billion miles, there was some  speculation that it might  be moving toward Earth. “It’s not incoming  mail,” Cal Tech’s Neugebauer said. “I want to douse that idea with as  much cold water as I can.”

The New York Times
Clues Get Warm in the Search for Planet X
30-January-1983
John Noble Wilford
Something out there beyond the farthest reaches of the known  solar  system seems to be tugging at Uranus and Neptune. Some  gravitational  force keeps perturbing the two giant planets, causing  irregularities in  their orbits. The force suggests a presence far away  and unseen, a large  object that may be the long-sought Planet X.
Evidence assembled in recent years has led several groups of   astronomers to renew the search for the 10th planet. They are devoting   more time to visual observations with the 200-inch telescope at Mount   Palomar in California. They are tracking two Pioneer spacecraft, now   approaching the orbit of distant Pluto, to see if variations in their   trajectories provide clues to the source of the mysterious force. And   they are hoping that a satellite-borne telescope launched last week will   detect heat “signatures” from the planet, or whatever it is out there.
The Infrared Astronomical Satellite was boosted into a  560-mile-high  polar orbit Tuesday night from Vandenberg Air Force Base,  CA. It  represents an $80-million venture by the United States, Britain  and the  Netherlands. In the next six or seven months, the telescope is  expected  to conduct a wide-ranging survey of nearly all the sky,  detecting  sources not of ordinary light, but of infrared radiation,  which is  invisible to the human eye and largely absorbed by the  atmosphere.  Scientists thus hope that the new telescope will chart  thousands of  infrared-emitting objects that have gone undetected—stars,  interstellar  clouds, asteroids and, with any luck, the object that  pulls at Uranus  and Neptune.
The last time a serious search of the skies was made, it led to  the  discovery in 1930 of Pluto, the ninth planet. But the story begins  more  than a century before that, after the discovery of Uranus in 1781  by the  English astronomer and musician William Herschel. Until then,  the  planetary system seemed to end with Saturn.
As astronomers observed Uranus, noting irregularities in its  orbital  path, many speculated that they were witnessing the  gravitational pull  of an unknown planet. So began the first planetary  search based on  astronomers’ predictions, which ended in the 1840s with  the discovery of  Neptune almost simultaneously by English, French and  German  astronomers.
But Neptune was not massive enough to account entirely for the   orbital behavior of Uranus. Indeed, Neptune itself seemed to be affected   by a still more remote planet. In the late 19th century, two American   astronomers, William H. Pickering and Percival Lowell, predicted the   size and approximate location of the trans-Neptunian body, which Lowell   called Planet X.
Years later, Pluto was detected by Clyde W. Tombaugh working at   Lowell Observatory in Arizona. Several astronomers, however, suspected   it might not be the Planet X of prediction. Subsequent observations   proved them right. Pluto was too small to change the orbits of Uranus   and Neptune; the combined mass of Pluto and its recently discovered   satellite, Charon, is only one-fifth that of Earth’s moon.
Recent calculations by the United States Naval Observatory have   confirmed the orbital perturbation exhibited by Uranus and Neptune,   which Dr. Thomas C. Van Flandern, an astronomer at the observatory, says   could be explained by “a single undiscovered planet.” He and a   colleague, Dr. Robert Harrington, calculate that the 10th planet should   be two to five times more massive than Earth and have a highly   elliptical orbit that takes it some 5 billion miles beyond that of   Pluto—hardly next door but still within the gravitational influence of   the Sun.
Some astronomers have reacted cautiously to the 10th-planet   predictions. They remember the long, futile quest for the planet Vulcan   inside the orbit of Mercury; Vulcan, it turned out, did not exist. They   wonder why such a large object as a 10th planet escaped the exhaustive   survey by Mr. Tombaugh, who is sure it is not in the two-thirds of the   sky he examined. But according to Dr. Ray T. Reynolds of the Ames   Research Center in Mountain View, CA, other astronomers “are so sure of   the 10th planet, they think there’s nothing left but to name it.”
At a scientific meeting last summer, 10th-planet partisans tended  to  prevail. Alternative explanations for the outer-planet  perturbations  were offered. The something out there, some scientists  said, might be an  unseen black hole or neutron star passing through the  Sun’s vicinity.  Defenders of the 10th planet parried the suggestions.  Material falling  into the gravitational field of a black hole, the  remains of a very  massive star after its complete gravitational  collapse, should give off  detectable X-rays, they noted; no X-rays have  been detected. A neutron  star, a less massive star that has collapsed  to a highly dense state,  should affect the courses of comets, they  said, yet no such changes have  been observed.
More credence was given to the hypothesis that a “brown dwarf”  star  accounts for the mysterious force. This is the informal name  astronomers  give to celestial bodies that were not massive enough for  their  thermonuclear furnaces to ignite; perhaps like the huge planet  Jupiter,  they just missed being self-illuminating stars.
Most stars are paired, so it is not unreasonable to suggest that the Sun has a dim companion. Moreover, a brown dwarf in the neighborhood might not reflect enough light to be seen far away,   said Dr. John Anderson of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,   CA. Its gravitational forces, however, should produce energy detectable   by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite.
Whatever the mysterious force, be it a brown dwarf or a large  planet,  Dr. Anderson said he was “quite optimistic” that the infrared  telescope  might find it and that the Pioneer spacecraft could supply an  estimate  of the object’s mass. Of course, no one can be sure that even  this  discovery would define the outermost boundary of the solar  system.

So the signs are out there. The Government has prepared underground bases and has continuity of government procedures in place. Notable among them are:

1. REX84 (Readiness Exercise 1984)
Activated due to a catastrophic event that is yet to take place.     

2. A Pentagon announced plan that directly correlates with a 2009, Army funded, Rand Corporation study that  called for an internal United States police force to combat civil  unrest.  The plan basically calls for the  deployment of a 20,000 strong  internal troop force inside the continental  United States (CONUS) that was set to be trained by 2011, thus  dovetailing into the current troop and equipment movements around the country reported by truckers as well as many more troop sightings by everyday citizens.

SO WHAT CAN YOU DO?

That  all depends on what you believe. You can choose NOT to see the signs  and go about your daily lives without a care, or you can try and prepare  yourself and your family for any contingency.

Be prepared for massive earthquakes. Stock up on food, water, and ammunition.

Be  prepared to get underground during the passage through the comets tail  on November 9th. Our magnetosphere that day will not protect us.

The Lost city, Atlantis massif and Serpentinization

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/05lostcity/background/serp/serpentinization.html

 

Explorations | The Lost City 2005 | Background

Mission Plan

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Serpentinites form when seawater reacts with peridotite - rocks that form the Earth's mantle and have been brought up to the seafloor by tectonic processes. This picture shows a hand sample of a serpentinite recovered from the Atlantis Massif. Thin fractures in the serpentinite are filled with calcium carbonate. Sample is 16cm wide. Click image for larger view and image credit. (HR)

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The The Lost City 2005 Expedition

Gretchen Früh-Green
Senior Research Scientist
Department of Earth Sciences
ETH-Zurich, Switzerland

What Drives Hydrothermal Activity at Lost City?

The chemistry of the vent fluids and fluid circulation at Lost City are not driven by interaction of seawater with hot lava or by cooling of magma at depth. Instead hydrothermal activity at Lost City is driven by chemical reactions between seawater and mantle rocks that make up the underlying basement. This is unlike almost all other known hot spring systems on the seafloor.
The mantle, or peridotite, rocks that comprise the Atlantis massif generally occur at much greater depths in the Earth - typically at depths greater than about 6 kilometers. Because of faulting these mantle rocks are now exposed at or near the seafloor and they are out of equilibrium with their surroundings. These rocks contain large amounts of the mineral olivine (a Mg-Fe silicate) which reacts with seawater at temperatures below 400°C and forms serpentine minerals (hydrous Mg-silicates) and magnetite, an iron oxide that is highly magnetic. This process, referred to as serpentinization, has major geophysical, geochemical and biological consequences for the marine system. It is a fundamental process at slow spreading ridge environments where mantle rocks are commonly exposed near the seafloor.

This photomicrograph shows a serpentinite in a polarizing petrographic microscope. During reaction with seawater serpentine (the grey, "snake-like" minerals) forms what is called a mesh texture around olivine grains. The light colored, round minerals are relict grains of olivine. Field of view is 2.5 mm. Click image for larger view and image credit. (HR)

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Serpentinization: The Heat Engine at Lost City and Sponge of the Oceanic Crust

An important consequence of serpentinization is the production of heat. The process of serpentinization can provide heat to drive the Lost City hydrothermal system in two ways. First, the mantle rocks underlying Lost City have residual heat from the mantle that can be "mined" through cooling with seawater. A second important source of heat is the alteration reactions themselves, which are termed exothermic because they consume water and produce a significant amount of heat during the transformation of olivine to serpentine and magnetite. The amount of heat produced is directly proportional to the amount of water that is taken up to form the mineral serpentine. In fact, serpentinization consumes an average of about 300 kilograms (approximately 300 liters or 79 US gallons) of water per cubic meter of rock that is altered. At the same time, this process produces about 660,000,000 joules of heat per cubic meter of rock.
The geological significance of heat production is that serpentinization processes are capable of raising the rock temperature by about 260°C (550°F) when not including processes that lead to heat transport and cooling of the rock. It is this heat source that helps drive the Lost City hydrothermal system. This is in strong contrast to other known hydrothermal systems along the mid-ocean ridges which are driven by magmatic heat and are characterized by high temperature, metal-rich fluids that ultimately create spectacular "Black Smoker" sulfide structures.

Face Lifting through Serpentinization

Another important consequence of the formation of serpentine during hydration of mantle rocks is that the density of the rocks change from about 3.3 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) to about 2.7 g/cm3 and the volume of the rocks can increase by 20-40%. Serpentinization also affects other geophysical properties of the oceanic crust by lowering the seismic velocities of the rocks, changing their gravity signatures and mechanical properties, and by increasing their degree of magnetism. The change in density and the expansion of the rocks during serpentinization has the important effect that the mountain becomes lighter and needs more room as it swells up, and thus "lifts" itself to greater elevations. The expansion of the rocks also leads to a greater number of cracks and ultimately causes mass wasting along steep slopes. This in turn creates new fractures that allow seawater to penetrate further into the mountain and react with new portions of rock that contain fresh olivine. Thus, the access of seawater to relatively cool fresh peridotite, controlled by the processes of faulting, volumetric expansion and mass wasting, is crucial to sustain Lost City-type systems.
Radiogenic carbon age dating of the carbonate structures and overlying sediments indicates that the Lost City hydrothermal system has been ongoing for at least 30,000 years. This is at least two orders of magnitude longer that most of the known black smoker systems. Geophysical data also suggests that there is a significant amount of fresh peridotite at depth in the massif that can still be altered, and thus the serpentinization processes in the basement rocks have the potential to drive the Lost City system for hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of years.

Serpentinized peridotites are the most dominant rock type recovered during past expositions on the south wall of the Atlantis Massif and form the basement of the Lost City hydrothermal vent field. This outcrop picture shows partially deformed rocks that occur at the top of the massif. The arm of the 3-person submersible Alvin is shown in the right portion of the image. Click image for larger view and image credit. (HR)

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Creating a long-lived, gas-rich hydrothermal environment

Because the Atlantis Massif consist mostly of peridotite and have a distinctly different composition than basalts and slower cooled counterparts (i.e. gabbros), the fluids that circulate beneath Lost City have significantly different compositions than black smoker systems. During alteration of the mantle rocks beneath Lost City, the fluids become extremely basic and reach a pH of 9 to 11. This high pH is very important because when the Lost City fluids are expelled from the chimneys, they mix with seawater and trigger chemical reactions that cause calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and brucite [Mg(OH)2] to precipitate. As long as the Lost City fluids maintain a high pH, abundant limestone will continue to be deposited and the chimneys will continue to grow.
The formation of magnetite during the serpentinization process involves the oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe2+) in olivine to form ferric iron (Fe3+) in magnetite and leads to what is called reducing conditions. As a consequence, reduced gas species, such as hydrogen gas (H2), methane (CH4) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), can be produced during serpentinization. These dissolved gas species provide important energy sources for microbial activity at Lost City. Thus, the basement rocks and the porous Lost City structures that are bathed volatile-rich, highly alkaline fluids create vital niches for life.
The gases produced at Lost City, the organisms that thrive in them and the long-lived nature of this serpentinite-driven system are very distinct from black-smoker hydrothermal vents and may represent a modern analog for some of the oldest hydrothermal systems on Earth. Thus, understanding this system may provide important new insights for studying early life on Earth as well as for looking for signs of life on other planets.

The Lost City Hydrothermal Field

http://www.lostcity.washington.edu/

Lost City, located 20 km west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is characterized by extreme conditions never before seen in the marine environment: venting of pH 9-11, >90°C, metal-poor fluids from carbonate edifices that tower 60-m above the seafloor. Investigation of this remarkable system has forever changed our views about where and how life can thrive and survive on and in the seafloor and provided new models for the evolution of life on this earth and possibly elsewhere [Kelley et al., 2005]. This system is the longest-lived of any known venting environment in the worlds’ oceans with activity ongoing for at least 120,000 years. Investigations of this site were funded by the National Science Foundation and by the NOAA Ocean Exploration program.
Within the Atlantis Massif, a >14,000 foot tall mountain on which Lost City rests, fluid rock reactions in the ultramafic rocks result in alkaline fluids with high concentrations of abiogenically produced hydrogen, methane, and other low molecular weight hydrocarbons. In concert, these dissolved gases support novel microbial communities. The oxygen-free, interior zones of the chimneys harbor biofilms of a single type of archaea called Lost City Methanoscarcinales that utilizes methane in its metabolism. Bacteria related to CH₄- and S-oxidizers, are mostly found in the oxygenated, outer walls of chimneys where fluid chemistry is substantially different than the chimney interiors [Brazelton et al., 2006].
The highly-sculpted, high-surface area of the Lost City structures provides ample space for faunal habitats, and many recovered invertebrates were located within the porous channels and crevices of the carbonate. Surprisingly, while total biomass is low within the field, the field supports a species diversity that appears to be as high as any other known black smoker system on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge spreading center.
The range and complexity of environments hosting peridotites and other ultramafic rocks within the worlds’ oceans is vast and it is unlikely that Lost City is unique. Perhaps the most far-reaching impact of the discovery Lost City-type is the realization that life itself may have originated within these dynamic environments in which geological, chemical, and biological processes are intimately linked.

characterized by extreme conditions never before seen in the marine environment

Movie showing high resolution bathymetry of Lost City and the life that thrives on the outside of ...

The serpentinite-hosted Lost City Hydrothermal Field is a remarkable submarine ecosystem in which geological, chemical, and biological processes are intimately interlinked

The Atlantis Massif rises ~14,000 feet above the surrounding seafloor and is formed by long-lived ...

Highly deformed serpentinites direclty underlie Lost City. This image was taken with the robotic v ...

HIghly deformed serpentinite rocks at Lost City

The Lost City Hydrothermal Field is located 15 km west of the spreading axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30°N, near the summit of the Atlantis Massif. The relief of this mountain is similar to that of Mt Rainier, rising nearly 4000 m (>17,000 feet) above the seafloor over a horizontal distance of ~20 km. Unlike Mt Raininer, however, the Atlantis Massif is not formed by volcanic eruptions, but instead by extreme crustal extension during long-lived (1-2 my) faulting and uplift. In concert, these processes have resulted in stripping-off of shallow crustal volcanic material and exposure of magnesium-rich mantle rocks (peridotites).
The summit of the massif is capped by flat-lying sedimentary breccias overlain by fossiliferous pelagic limestone. This cap rock was likely important in formation of the field, acting as an impervious lid trapping both fluids and heat. The cap rock is underlain by a 50-100 m thick highly deformed zone that hosts variable altered ultramafic rocks (foliated serpentinite, talc-amphibole schists) and lesser gabbroic rocks. This shear zone is likely the long-lived detachment fault that exposed the mantle and lower crustal rock sequences that make up the massif. This zone grades downward into massive, jointed peridotite with lesser gabbroic rocks that are not highly deformed.
Lost City Hydrothermal Field lies atop the sedimentary cap rock, on a triangular, down-dropped block that forms a terrace on the edge of the south wall. The largest and most active vents are along an east-west trending lineament more than 300 m long. The lineament is intersected by a ~north-south trending fault, which exposes massive, jointed outcrops of serpentinized rocks that form the major north-south ridge that Lost City rests on. The fracture and fault network in the basement provides permeable pathways that control outflow at the main vent sites. In addition to subvertical faults that channel flow to the largest structures, much of the subsurface flow emanates from surfaces that are parallel to basement to gently west-dipping faults. The steep faults expose relatively old, inactive stockworks of carbonate veins and subhorizontal to subvertical open fractures in the basement rock. These are actively leaking hydrothermal fluid and feeding young, white hydrothermal precipitates.

DIY Monolith Technology

The 2001 monolith is a science-fiction icon.  It can represent technology, God, alien influence or intense monkey violence, depending on what exactly you got out of Kubrick's masterpiece.  But will we ever see one?
http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2008/03/monolith-techno.html

Rather than go to all the bother of developing a hyperintelligent computer probe ourselves, the easiest route is the "Christmas" strategy: just wait for someone to give us what we want.  This assumes the existence of aliens, but let's be honest: nobody involved in the search doubts that for a second.  The fact it's always called a "search" is one clue - the unspoken belief that it's definitely out there and we just have to find it.  You can attribute this to hope, loneliness, or faith; but the most convincing reasons are a combination of the sheer size of the universe and the fact that, once you remove the "Invisible Sky Beard" factor from our genesis, it seems unlikely it should only happen here.
But why build monoliths at all?  Because of the universe's speed limit: if you can't get to other stars (because you'd be inconveniently dead of old age before you made it one-hundredth of the way), the only other option is to build a robot to go for you.  Should we observe such a probe it would bring good news and bad .  The good - there's an incredibly advanced alien civilization saying "Hi there, we're here!" The bad is them saying  "Yeah, we can't beat the speed of light either.  You're pretty much stuck there."  Rather a mournful picture of the universe, islands of intelligence stranded by the ridiculous distances between them.  As we reported previously, such systems would likely be Bracewell probes - self-replicating systems able to cover as much universe as possible in search of intelligence.  Clarke's monolith never shows any replicative ability, but the sheer number of them in 3001 would be strong evidence that they can.
The thing is: if human scientists waited for other people to do things for them, we'd still be delaying investigations into fire and non-cave habitats.  Many of the onyx-object's capabilities are within sight of our own technology.  Let's look at a few functions, and how close we've got:
1) Computers
If you're sending a computer probe to represent yourself and your entire culture to anyone you meet, it's got to be pretty good - and since our current AIs can still be confused by handwriting, they probably aren't going to cut it.  But if there's one thing we've gotten really good at it's making our own hardware look embarrassingly simple within a couple of years.  One of the holy grails of computer research is an artificial mind capable of doing anything for us - once developed, the new goal will probably be convincing it to keep doing so.  Able to exist indefinitely in hardware and even turn themselves off over extended periods, AIs would be the ideal interplanetary ambassadors - though whether they're representing us or the "Computer Empire 01" remains to be seen.
2) Communications
This one we've already got.  The movie monolith still uses radio emissions to communicate with homebase - albeit incredibly powerful ones.  These take a millennia per round trip, which is why the probe has to be smart enough to function by itself for the ten centuries or so between instructions.  That might seem like a forbiddingly long time to keep a project going, considering the average human can barely maintain a new year's resolution into February, but any species that's out to engineer other societies is probably better at long term goals than us.  Never mind communicating with distant probes - we've been broadcasting with the same level of technology since "I Love Lucy" (though anybody who receives those particular messages might not be too keen to meet us).
In fact, some believe we can do better.  Studies of quantum entanglement raise the possibility of instantaneous communication over unlimited distances - you still have to spend years transporting half of the entangled atoms to far flung locations, but by affecting one you can communicate with the other.  Anywhere.  To say this technology is in its infancy would be to understate how truly blastocystal it is - and many argue that it's still utterly impossible, with every chance of being right.  But as Mr Clarke himself said, claiming anything to be impossible is a very dangerous proposition - and even the attempt is evidence that we're moving beyond the imagination of one of the greatest visionaries of our time.  Go us!
3) Mental interfaces
The infamous final half hour of 2001, also known as "the psychedelingist cinema ever filmed", represents the monolith reading Dave's mind - and yes, we're already working on that.  We've been able to study individual neuron electrical activity for a while, but that's as far from reading thoughts as biting your fingernails is from open-heart surgery.  More sophisticated interfaces are on the way, however, and they aren't all from the cutting edge of neurological research.  They're coming from where the real money is - gaming. Emotiv Systems have already demonstrated a prototype brain scanning headset, and while the games are at the Space Invader level it may only be a matter of time before our fantasies of being totally immersed in cyber-violence are realised.  Though this may indicate we're some time from being ready to talk to aliens instead of shooting at them. Berkeley scientists have also developed a system that can decode what a human is looking at purely by examining brain activity, an impressive decryption of higher level functions.  Though should that person be watching the 2001 hotel room scene, it's likely that while the computer will know what he sees it won't know what the hell is going on either.
4) Stellar engineering
In 2061 the monoliths get together and turn Jupiter into a mini-star. We'll admit, that's just a tiny bit beyond us at the moment - but considering we still can't tell if we've destroyed our own planet with hairspray or not yet, that's probably for the best.
Even more interesting than the monolith hardware is the function, and what it would tell us about the creators.  It takes a pretty admirable culture to build the most advanced device they're capable of, then pretty much throw it away in the hopes of finding something - we can only hope we reach that stage instead of threatening to shoot our own satellites out of the sky.  We have one ability that might raise us to that level - curiosity.  It might kill cats, but it drives us to invent, to learn, to discover new things about ourselves and the world around us (which only rarely involves killing cats.  Rats are pretty buggered though).  It's the one base urge that can be embraced to conquer lust, hate and greed - and one that might just drive us into the grand futures that Arthur C. Clarke envisioned.
We'd probably only try to communicate with any cultures we find, but that's plenty.  The aliens in 2001 were set on steering the evolution of simpler cultures, but considering half our own planet still kill each other over the exact name of their imaginary friend, telling other worlds how to evolve would be scarier than an eight year old coming out of the Louvre with a packet of permanent markers telling people "I fixed the pictures!"
It'll be some time before we're ready to build our own monolith, a fact made obvious by even its basic design.  The enduring image of the monolith is a pure, unmarked blackness - and can you imagine us even launching something without a logo on it?
Posted by Luke McKinney.

Close-up of Vesta poses puzzle

Astronomers keen to look into strange hole on second-largest asteroid.

Published online 12 August 2011 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2011.480

Ron Cowen

http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110812/full/news.2011.480.html

The origin of Vesta's large crater and equatorial ridges is mysterious.NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA

Planetary scientists thought they knew what to expect when NASA's Dawn spacecraft returned the first close-up portrait of the giant asteroid Vesta last month. Fuzzy images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) taken in 1996 seemed to show that something had taken a big bite out of the asteroid's south polar region¹.

The crater was posited as the source of Vesta-like fragments that populate the asteroid belt, and of a surprisingly large fraction of the meteorites found on Earth.
But seconds after viewing the first image, Peter Thomas of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, shot off an e-mail to other members of the team: "Looks like HST results were fantasy!"
Thomas later realized he had misjudged Dawn's location when he sent that e-mail, but his words give an idea of scientists' surprise. Vesta's huge depression isn't like those of most impact craters: it is ringed by a wall for only about half its circumference, says Dawn team member Paul Schenk of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas. It also has a large rounded mound in its middle, rather than the usual conical uplift.
Perhaps strangest of all is a series of troughs ringing the asteroid's equator, a feature not seen in any other body in the Solar System and which may be related to the impact and its huge scale.
If it was caused by an impact, the crater is shaping up to be one of the biggest puzzles of the mission, says Chris Russell, principal investigator of the Dawn mission at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Looking for answers

Russell has commissioned a task force of scientists on the Dawn team to solve the puzzle in time for two conferences in October.
New, sharper, images and spectra will help, as will maps of the asteroid's gravity. Dawn is now orbiting Vesta at a distance of about 2,700 kilometres, some six times closer than when the initial observations were made last month.
The task force will use the data gathered from this closer approach to hunt for evidence of whether the hole really was caused by some sort of collision. Tell-tale signs would include rock that has melted and resolidified on the floor of the depression, and a mixture of broken rock and melted material splashed out of the hole by the force of the blow.
Researchers have already come up with several possible explanations for the hole's strange shape. These all assume that the roughly 460-kilometre-wide crater was gouged out by a piece of space debris measuring 40-80 kilometres across.
One idea is that Vesta, which, at 530 kilometres across is the second-largest asteroid in the Solar System, was struck not at its south pole but midway between the pole and the equator. Because it spins rapidly, completing a full rotation in about five hours, Vesta would have reoriented itself so that the gouged-out region became the rock's new south pole.
This would be the most stable configuration for the damaged asteroid, says Schenk. "I don't think we've ever seen before a body with such a large impact and such a high rotation rate," he says.

In January, Martin Jutzi of the University of Bern in Switzerland and Erik Asphaug of the University of California, Santa Cruz, modelled the impact that walloped Vesta and obtained some surprising results².

They calculate that Vesta completed an entire revolution while the crater was forming. As a result, the debris thrown up by the impact did not settle evenly around the crater, but fell in uneven clumps. This lopsided excavation might explain why a wall runs around only half of the impact site.

The cause of the equatorial troughs remain a mystery, says Asphaug, but they might be the result of material rushing back into the hole created by the impact. "We really don't know the physics when the crater gets to be about the size of the body [it strikes]," he says.
Russell is also hoping that Dawn will explain why Vesta is the brightest member of the asteroid belt, reflecting some 40% of the sunlight that hits it.
Images from the craft have already showed that some regions of the asteroid are brighter than average, and revealed dark streaks on the inside of craters. Compositional information recorded by Dawn's spectrometers may also show whether the bright regions are made from different material or whether they simply have a more crystalline structure, which scatters more light, Russell says. 

• References

  1. Thomas, P. C. et al. Science 277, 1492-1495 (1997).
  2. Jutzi, M. & Asphaug, E. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L01102 (2011).

SETI Claims Three Giant Spaceships Headed Towards Earth?

SETI Claims Three Giant Spaceships Headed Towards Earth?

http://propaganda-dimitrios.blogspot.com/2011/01/seti-claims-three-giant-spaceships.html

Three giant spaceships are heading towards Earth. The largest one of them is 240 kilometers wide. Two others are smaller. At present, the objects are beyond the orbit of Pluto.

It is about time science should say its word regarding the problem, and it did. SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), an independent non-commercial organization, released a sensational statement.

The spaceships were detected by HAARP search system. The system, based in Alaska, was designed to study the phenomenon of northern lights. According to SETI researchers, the objects are nothing but extraterrestrial spaceships. They will be visible in optical telescopes as soon as they reach Mars's orbit. The US government has been reportedly informed about the event. The ships will reach Earth in December 2012.

The date of the supposed space contact with extraterrestrial civilization brings up thoughts about the Mayan calendar, which ends on December 21, 2012. Is it just a coincidence? Most likely, though, SETI researchers mistake the wish for the reality: fifty years of constant monitoring of space have not yielded any results.

Nevertheless, mankind only begins to explore space. We are just newcomers in this huge and unexplored world. Many believe that there are many other civilizations in space beside our own civilization.

The alleged spaceships

Rumor has it that the Americans classified a lot of information about findings on the Moon. In 1988, a prominent Chinese official, a member of the nation's space program, unveiled pictures of human footprints on the lunar surface. The official stated that he had received the information from a reliable source and accused the Americans of concealing that information. The photos were dated from August 3, 1969 - two weeks after Armstrong and Aldrin stepped onto the surface of the Moon on July 20, 1969. Therefore, the materials of the lunar mission were studied and classified by NASA.

On March 15, 2009, The New York Times produced another sensation. The same Chinese official, Mao Kan, stated that he had obtained over than 1,000 secret NASA photographs depicting not only human footprints, but even a human carcass on the surface of the Moon. Some of the bones in the carcass were missing, the official said. The human corpse must have been dropped on the Moon from an alien spaceship, whereas the extraterrestrials kept some tissue samples for research.

The photos were taken by a lunar probe. The absence of air makes it possible to capture minute details from the lunar orbit. The pictures of the carcass were very clear.

Dr. Ken Johnston, former Manager of the Data and Photo Control Department at NASA's Lunar Receiving Laboratory, said that US astronauts had found and photographed ancient ruins of artificial origin on the Moon. Supposedly, US astronauts had seen large unknown mechanisms on the Moon. The data were classified by the US government.

Is all of that just spam or is it fantastic truth? Will we ever know?